Question: Are you also finding both kinds of Nosema in every CCD case?

I've been curious about the same thing.  The trend appears to be that 
ceranae completely displaces apis, and that in some areas, apis is 
apparently no longer present.

I have not seen classic CCD, but I have looked at hundreds of nosema samples 
from my own operation, and colonies of others.  I noticed that there is 
substantial variability in nosema spore morphology.  Basically, they appear 
to come in two "flavors."  I asked the Spanish lab about this, and they say 
that they can differentiate by eye--confirmed by PCR analysis.  They sent me 
descriptions and photos, which exactly match the "flavors" that I've been 
observing.  I will be sending samples off soon for PCR confirmation.  Until 
then, I don't want to mislead anyone, so will not yet mention the 
differences I see until I can confirm.  If I'm correct, than any fool with a 
scope can differentiate!

However, if I am indeed seeing the species differences, then most of my 
colonies have N ceranae.  A few have apis.  I'm not sure about mixes, but 
will now start looking.  I'm redoing my website, and will be posting nosema 
articles and photos--hopefully by the end of the week.  The differences in 
spore morphology are obvious in my photos, but not identified.

Randy Oliver
California 

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