Hi Allen/All Allen, I enjoyed reading your stuff about yeast, as did I enjoy your bit Andy. Some info about yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Which I gather is the one you would be buying - also sometimes called S.carlsburgensis, S.pastorianus and a few others) is a very versatile and tough yeast. If grown under hyperoxygenater conditions (IE not in the bottom of a beer fermentor) it is very rich in a number of fats, proteins and other nutrients which we can digest. As time goes by if it is used in anaerobic conditions (no oxygen) it begins to run low on nutrients that it needs for growth, but which it needs oxygen to synthesize. Commercial brewers usually save yeast which becomes 'stuck' by aerating it a few time - but with time it becomes so pathetec that it is turfed - usually to a yeast extract plant (here it goes to a factory that makes stuff called Marmite - a black paste that your smear on bread if you want to die of kidney failure oneday). Now - if one takes such yeast and dries it a a low temperature - up to about 40C (probably about 110F) the yeast will spurulate if it can - brewing yeast usually can - this means it will form a thing called a tetrad - if you look at it under magnification (1000X) you can see a number of balls, sometimes walls depending on the strain. Nothing you can possibly do will ever release any nutrients from this thing - it is the biolgocial equicalent of a bomb shelter - temperature tolerant, enzyme resistant, acid resistant, alkali resistant, it is a waste of deigestible matter and will give your bees a sore stomach. Hence, my advice to a beekeeper, which is probably dangerous advice as it is practically untested (I have fed brewing yeast to my bees and they were there two weeks later) would be to go to the local brewery and get their spent yeast - find some way of heating it to 80C for twenty minutes - which will kill it and then feed it directly to the bees together with a bit of sugar - this is a highly nutritious, easily degestable sort of thing - and because it has not been heated to about 95C most of the fats and vitamins will be OK still - this is similar to pollen - I am sure cooked pollen would be bad for bees. (As an aside, South African Breweries - the 4th largest in the world - recently had a problem at their Prospecton Plant in Durban where their yeast disposer had some technical hitch and was not able to get rid of the yeast - it cost them about R10 000 000 to dispose of the waste yeast - in SA terms, as far as buying power here goes that would be equivalent to US$7 000 000! in the US) Any ideas? Keep well Garth Garth Cambray Camdini Apiaries 15 Park Road Grahamstown Apis mellifera capensis 6139 South Africa Time = Honey The Universe is not here right now, if you would like to leave a message, leave your name and number after the long silence and it will get back to you as soon as possible.