'Would taking a longer route to fly around an object be considered to be a motivational tradeoff?' The question is decidedly above my pay grade, but when you follow the original article down the rabbit hole you end up at papers such as the following: https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/84099/1/Birch_%20Animal%20sentience%20and%20the.pdf Which invariably refer to several 'tells' that are generally summarized as following (from the above): 'Particularly important indicators include the self delivery of analgesics, whereby the animal learns to administer pain relief drugs such as opioids in an operant-conditioning setup; motivational trade-offs, whereby the animal behaves as if weighing its preference to avoid a noxious stimulus against other preferences; and conditioned place avoidance, whereby the animal learns to avoid locations at which it previously encountered noxious stimuli.' *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html