https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/06/160615134749.htm is a study on antibiotics and explain "how antibiotics change the gut microbiota, increasing nutrients that benefit the growth of pathogens, like *Salmonella*". I realize that we cannot transfer human studies to bees, but in reticent discussions about nosema and fumidil it was noted that there seemed to be a "rebound' after fumidil treatment. I have never used fumidil so have no first hand observations. Just thought it interesting that an antibiotic can make things better for other pathogens to prosper, especially by changing the sugars in the hosts gut. Bill Truesdell Bath, Maine *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html