> The number of independent origins of resistance-associated mutations is important in assessing the relative importance of mutation rate and migration in the spread of individual resistance alleles. Within single populations, few studies have provided enough data to draw significant conclusions. However, those that have suggest that the number of independent origins of resistance depends heavily on the relative roles of mutation, selection and migration in different insect populations. Moreover, the rates of migration, and thus the spread of resistance alleles, can be heavily influenced by humans. 

Daborn, Phillip J., and Gaelle Le Goff. "The genetics and genomics of insecticide resistance." TRENDS in Genetics 20.3 (2004): 163-170.

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