>we see the symptoms of Nosema and spring dysentery all over the hives around their entrances Christina, have you actually checked that dysentery for the presence of nosema spores? From the numerous samples that I've checked, I don't see a correlation between dysentery and nosema (although in-hive dysentery would certainly transmit nosema). However, there does seem to be a correlation between dysentery and amoeba cysts. -- Randy Oliver Grass Valley, CA www.ScientificBeekeeping.com *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html