The present study shows that N. ceranae does not affect colonies during wintering and that proteic supplementation can increase infectation. Wow! That's a sweeping statement. Maybe in their study in their area. We've just finished two studies, one with full-sized colonies, and one with cage trials that indicate the exact opposite with respect to Nosema affects on wintering. We will be publishing - but I'd surely not agree with their implied extrapolation to all N. ceranae and all colonies and wintering. Obviously, our winters are different - and I'm not going to extrapolate our results to all N. ceranae and all colonies - but we do see Nosema affects in the winter. Jerry *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html