The present study 
shows that N. ceranae does not affect colonies during wintering and that proteic 
supplementation can increase infectation.




Wow!  That's a sweeping statement.  Maybe in their study in their area.  We've just finished two studies, one with full-sized colonies, and one with cage trials that indicate the exact opposite with respect to Nosema affects on wintering.  We will be publishing - but I'd surely not agree with their implied extrapolation to all N. ceranae and all colonies and wintering.

Obviously, our winters are different - and I'm not going to extrapolate our results to all N. ceranae and all colonies - but we do see Nosema affects in the winter.  Jerry

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