Presumably there are two separate mechanisms at work when spores are exposed to hot wax: encapsulation - which appears to render them harmless and, if the wax is hot enough, then they will also be killed? Best wishes Peter 52°14'44.44"N, 1°50'35"W *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html