>Do you know what the rate of evolutionary adaptation is for honey bees? Depends upon the selective pressure. It is not difficult to noticeably shift phenotypes, including resistance to pathogens in three bee generations. > >And do you know how the adaptation rate for honey bees compares to the > rate of introduction of new stressors (meaning pests or > herbicides/pesticides)? Bees are having a difficult time keeping up with the rate at which we are introducing new parasites and pathogens, especially in the past 40 years. -- Randy Oliver Grass Valley, CA www.ScientificBeekeeping.com *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html Guidelines for posting to BEE-L can be found at: http://honeybeeworld.com/bee-l/guidelines.htm