Either heat or cold rapidly degrades the viability of N. ceranae based on the flow cytometry trials of Cramer (viable spores are heavier). Bob Danka says they haven't seen the cold inhibition in Baton Rouge, but we're not the only ones who report that the N. ceranae spores can be rather fragile when exposed to heat or cold. Jerry *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html Guidelines for posting to BEE-L can be found at: http://honeybeeworld.com/bee-l/guidelines.htm