<Which Nosema? What I have heard is they do not share the same characteristics as far as winter survival, for example. NC survives cold.> NC is different from N. apis. Published work on N. apis does not necessarily apply to N. ceranae. However, N. ceranae, outside the bee, is more fragile than one might expect, given how widely it can become in colonies in an apiary, and its presence for much of the year. We still don't really understand the dynamics of this pathogen. Jerry *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html Guidelines for posting to BEE-L can be found at: http://honeybeeworld.com/bee-l/guidelines.htm