Would love to see references/citations for this. Intuitively, it could make sense, but I think you'd have to see *really* prolonged/protracted periods of time of increased PVR from crying (causing an increase in RA pressure and changing the atrial shunt to R --> L and that pressure inhibiting natural closure of the foramen ovale). But I don't know. Studying it could be difficult, especially if one had to rely on parental reports of crying -- and the vast majority of infants and later children and adults would never have an echocardiogram done to look for one anyway. Am curious. -Sarah Reece-Stremtan (peds anesthesiology fellow in Washington DC) *********************************************** Archives: http://community.lsoft.com/archives/LACTNET.html To reach list owners: [log in to unmask] Mail all list management commands to: [log in to unmask] COMMANDS: 1. To temporarily stop your subscription write in the body of an email: set lactnet nomail 2. To start it again: set lactnet mail 3. To unsubscribe: unsubscribe lactnet 4. To get a comprehensive list of rules and directions: get lactnet welcome