In a message dated 26/10/2010 00:54:41 GMT Daylight Time, [log in to unmask] writes: While we are on the subject of nosema, I would like to say that the idea that nosema can be wiped out with fumigillin is a harmful notion at best. It won't work, and the widespread use of this mycotoxin does not bode well for beekeepers or the reputation of the honey industry. When I first took up beekeeping a third of a century ago I was taught that, to be effective, an application of Fumidil needs to be followed up with a complete change onto foundation or comb that has been sterilised with acetic acid fumes at the earliest opportunity. Otherwise re-infection will rapidly take place. I did use Fumidil once, but nowadays tend to rely on frequent comb renewal or occasional sterilisation. It is rarely indeed that I see any external signs of Nosema (fouling in/on the hive). It isn't every year that I look at guts under a microscope to do a check. I ought to do so more often. I have seen spores of both N apis and N ceranae through a microscope and, indeed, there may be samples lurking in the back of my fridge! Chris *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html Guidelines for posting to BEE-L can be found at: http://honeybeeworld.com/bee-l/guidelines.htm