When conducting pesticide contact toxicity tests, its common to use C02 to put bees to sleep - just not too much, or its permanent. Best I can tell, C02 has little/no longer term effects of the bees. Some testing firms use Nitrous oxide to put bees asleep. I don't like it, published papers indicate that it affects bee memory. Don't know if anyone has tested ammonium nitrate for sublethal effects. Jerry *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html Access BEE-L directly at: http://community.lsoft.com/scripts/wa-LSOFTDONATIONS.exe?A0=BEE-L