>    Only thing is, we've got N Ceranae in Europe as  well, and aren't
> seeing the same pattern of colony collapse. It may well be part  of the
> picture,
> but surely there's more to it.


Agree. It always gets back to symptoms. CCD has been defined. So a variety
of symptoms caused by a weak immune system (the bee can catch anything) is
not CCD. But a weak immune system which results in CCD means that there is
something else at work. Gets back into the possibility that a combination of
pathogens causes CCD.

Bill Truesdell
Bath, Maine

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