These guys should read each others papers. Marina Meixner, et al., reported on Nosema cernanae in Germany a year ago, concluding that it did not wipe out hives: OIE-Symposium DIAGNOSIS and CONTROL of BEE DISEASES, August 26 and 28, 2008 > In conclusion, an infection with Nosema ceranae affected colony strength, but did not result in winter fatalities. With regard to overwintering success of honey bee colonies, N. ceranae thus appears to be a *low-risk pathogen*. *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html