On Sun, 26 Jul 2009 19:50:33 EDT, [log in to unmask] wrote: >I would like an explanation as to the mechanism by which creatures >delivered without benefit of placenta or mammary can receive immunity from their >parents. The short answer is that bees do have the equivalent of mammary glands with which they produce royal jelly which contains a variety of substances that affect the development of the larvae. But beyond this, any organisms that share food can easily also share beneficial bacteria, enzymes, gene regulating substances, etc. plb *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html