In a message dated 02/01/2008 01:39:31 GMT Standard Time, [log in to unmask] writes: But my take on the nosema research is that chilling alone causes nosema (apis, at least) explosion irregardless of defecation. That, if it is the case, can affect only the bees that already have Nosema and so will already have shortened lifespan. It doesn't explain increased transmission. Chris ****************************************************** * Full guidelines for BEE-L posting are at: * * http://www.honeybeeworld.com/bee-l/guidelines.htm * ******************************************************