Aaron, my apologies for not having been able to abridge my thoughts below better. Should you decide not to post it, I can understand and accept it. <On Sustainable Beekeeping> Personally, I take the term “sustainable,” as used by Brian here on this list, to mean “balanced” (or as close as possible to “natural setting”), “maintainable,” or “harmonious” (without endangering or wiping out the species, that is), an attempt to bring *a holistic approach* by looking at how beekeeping is an integral part of an interdependent, complex, larger ecosystem that has taken eons to arrive at, rather than a singular operation independent of other factors in our industrialized setting. I believe the diatribe between the two camps, whether pro or con, stems from man’s undying, almost religious, desire to control everything, particularly nature, for maximum efficiency and maximum profiteering. Sure, we gain some, lose some, and at times, we seem to find the middle ground, at least for a while. But at times we seem to go too far. Using the above definition, let us examine how far our industry has departed from the balanced and maintainable (I am not using the words “natural” or “organic” deliberately) way of keeping bees by stretching the term “sustainable” in migratory operation: 1. Pollination alone is not how our bees survive in nature. It is nectar-gathering, and supplemental pollen-gathering in the process, for which bees have been engineered through natural selection. Hence, industrial almond pollination exclusively serves us, the humans, totally ignoring their needs, an irresponsible stewardship. In other words, there is no give-and-take in this marriage, hence not symbiotic. What’s in it for THEM? 2. Worse, a massive dose of almond pollen alone, as many on this list have already observed, does not serve the bees well, granted almond pollen has any value, in and of itself. (Indeed one cannot live by bread alone but moonshine and shoe-shine women, eh-hem!) Almond honey is internationally famous for a cooking ingredient but not much else. Given the low grad almond nectar, it is as if someone is forcing us to live on fish for a month, but on nothing else. 3. Even under the most ideal circumstance, nature cannot afford such vast wasteland of monocrop: worse, such industrial-scale number of hives in one spot, breathing and breeding pathogens as a list member has pointed out earlier when a migratory person, loaded with mites, warms toward your yards because he too must make a living and the price is good. Even if all the million hives are in perfect health, individual bees carry different levels of susceptibility to pathogens, the varying degrees of genetic mutations and variations we all carry in us (sickle-cell anemia for African descendants and stomach cancer for Southeast Asians for loving carcinogenic pickled, salted, and grilled stuff). My point is not genetic variations will result in pathogen propagation; rather, how we all have different degrees of susceptibility due to our varying genetic makeup. Some will serve as a portal to a new pathogen quicker than others, providing a vector, a door-opener. Similarly, not all the bees are same, even if they may appear healthy. 4. Pressing on the above line of argument, it does not take rocket science to figure out how a pandemic epidemic often coincides with *overcrowding* of a single species; the condition in such setting is ripe for the pathogens to migrate not only horizontally (intra-species) but also vertically (inter-species), jumping from species to species. For instance, the rats gave us the Plague; monkeys, AIDS; birds, SARS; pigs (and probably cows), MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus). Consider MRSA for instance; having jumped from a pig sty to humans, it then migrated to crowded hospitals, the germ bed for humans. Having escaped the crowded hospital, MRSA is now common in locker rooms (Community-Acquired-MRSA), another crowded living space occupied by healthy young athletes. On the origin of MRSA in Netherlands and how pig farmers started to experience this antibiotic-resistant strain, see the url below: http://public.cq.com/docs/hb/hbnews110-000002636736.html 5. Given such attested patterns of vertical migration of pathogens, bees will, through overcrowding, experience new pathogens heretofore unheard of, horizontally as well as vertically (like SHB); for example, nosema (a spore-forming, unicellular, parasitic fungi) has never been an issue in the south, and still isn’t in my operation, thanks to a warmer climate and screened bottom ventilation. However, it appears that even a common strain of nosema can wreak havoc in the north—just as a certain strain of common pneumonia or tuberculosis in humans has lately turned deadly and resistant: http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/795_antibio.html (Excellent article explaining the mechanism as to how *bacteria* become resistant) It has already been documented that apis-pathogens do cross species- barrier (Cerena, Mellifera, and possibly Dorsata) and infect each other given the chance, always lurking to find a niche. If I were a virus, I too would love to break into bees piled up in one locale as smorgasbord, thus outsmarting human ingenuity as we often outfox ourselves. http://209.85.173.104/search? q=cache:I3w5UUSGKeQJ:blc.arizona.edu/courses/181lab/TAfiles/44/Bad% 2520proposal%2520good% 2520proposal.doc+apis+mellifera+and+cerena+disease&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5&gl=us (Deformed Wing Virus jumping from Cerena to Mellifera; watch out for the wrpas) 6. To say the obvious, the reason for such rising number of unforeseen vectors appears to be the direct result of stressing bees in our industrial operation, activities that are remotely related to bee’s natural way of surviving: massive scale feeding, massive requeening, massive movement across the continent, massive-scale monocrops, massive exposure to chemical sprays that sustain the monocrops, massive disappearance of forage land to develop more monocrop land, massive importation of foreign bees from one country to another to meet that industrial demand and make up the massive loss—activities that forces us to treat the living and breathing organism as an unbreakable steel-bolt in the giant beekeeping factory. The typical argument for such monocroping has been reduced prices for our groceries. Probably so or may be not so. The illegal immigrants, too, argued that our grocery bills would shoot up once the agricultural industry loses their field labor, a reason they used for their amnesty. But actually the prices have remained more or less the same, if not lower than before; in fact, people report that we have produced more with fewer illegal workers in the field. Although my heart, too, would like to believe that the collapse of beekeeping will create a domino effect across the entire economy, my head tells me differently. Nothing drives people more irrationally than the media sensationalism, such as Y2K hullabaloo, or the never-ending Kingdom Come. 7. This massive industrial-scale beekeeping operation, mentioned above, illustrates keeping bees independently, above and beyond nature— never realizing that beekeeping is only a small part of that giant total ecosystem, about which we have been myopic and about which we do not seem to acknowledge that it took eons for nature to build its current supple equilibrium. 8. Successful migratory beekeeping, if continued, along with industrial monocroping, seems to offset that delicate equilibrium, that difficult balance overnight, irrevocably—the ultimate exercise of mastery and control of nature by a handful of humans wanting to maximize their profit. Under such scenarios, it is not entirely impossible to lose bees on the surface of the planet forever. Hobbyists and sideliners, too, will succumb to such wheeling and dealing demise, for “No good deed should go unpunished.” As far as I know, there is no other species of insects, other than the kind of ants that swell up its abdomen to collect “honey” for the period of dearth. Yes, it is hard to even think about the disappearance of bees off the planet, but they don’t seem to be thriving under current mode. One time, and still to some extent, the buzz word in beekeeping was Integrated Pest Management (IPM) preached by a few; in a nutshell, IPM tries to attack the bee-problems in a holistic way by closely monitoring the colonies throughout the year rather than treating, say, mites at one time, and then forgetting about it. Similarly, we should look at the bee operation in an integrated way, holistically, by looking at the whole picture that considers all the global issues Marla and others have already pointed out. The issue is not whether someone should make a living via almond-farming or migratory beekeeping; rather, it is whether such practice will impact and jeopardize the ecology in a few decades, a struggling and balanced system nature has taken for eons to create, irrevocably. This is a far far far larger issue than someone’s ability to put the bread and butter on the table. For instance, where will the chemical sprays from massive monocroping end up in the long run, just as where will all the rubber particles from the tires we wear out every year end up? We are breathing them in daily. They will end up in your and my blood stream, if they have already not done so. I am not blaming anyone else here, but go take a walk along a river. Look at the industrial garbage that chokes our rivers; I would never eat a catfish from it: it is full of sores and ulcers inside. I know I used to angle them along the Cimarron River. Without such macro-vision, finding the “cure” for Israeli virus alone will not cut, an ingenious duct tape to hold a hot engine part for a while. The fact that American bee suppliers cannot meet the domestic demand seems to indicate the industry is in deep doo doo; we used to import bees to other countries. Now that we found a virus from Australian imports, should we now try others like Chile, Argentina, Europe, and China. Why not? Such bar-hopping for foreign sources will help us *exhaust* the import sources. What then? This has been the pattern up till now. Indeed, for a hobbyist, a single colony death is a national tragedy, and it should be so, and it must remain so. However, for a migratory beekeeper, ten-thousand colony loss is a mere statistics, a figure against last year’s benchmark, for he will order twenty-thousand more next year. Why not? But from where? Try Mars? What’s wrong with him to expect *different results* next year while putting in the *same* input, year after year? Yoon In the 70’s F today, my bees are flying in the dead of winter! ****************************************************** * Full guidelines for BEE-L posting are at: * * http://www.honeybeeworld.com/bee-l/guidelines.htm * ******************************************************