James Fisher wrote: "This specific issue likely has no bearing on the CCD problem, but it has been shown that empty brood combs certainly can have detectable levels of EFB bacteria, AFB spores, and (I recall hearing) a number of the different bee viruses." I suggest that Chalkbrood could also be included in the diseases harboured by old comb. Bailey and Ball (Honeybee Pathology, 1991) report that the fungal spores can remain infective in brood comb for "many years" Regards Mike Rowbottom HARROGATE North Yorks UK -- Visit www.honeybeeworld.com/bee-l for rules, FAQ and other info ---