Greetings From: Scot Mc Pherson we know that European races (Italian, AMM and Carniolan) are one general grouping, and scutellata is supposed to be the other grouping, what happens when other breeds become involved or are subjected to the test? Caucasians can display characteristics throughout the range of yellow to black depending solely on their climate and latitude, so how can we deterimine yellow caucasians from yellow AHB? Reply: In the paper "Identification of Africanized Honey Bee Mitochondrial DNA", by M. ALICE PINTO, they report on DNA testing on the various races in the old world and their descendents in the new. In this particular paper, they use these general groupings: Eastern European (A. m. ligustica, A. m. carnica, A. m. caucasia) * Also called eastern Mediterranean. Western European (A. m. mellifera and A. m. iberiensis with A. m. mellifera-like mtDNA) Middle Eastern (A. m. syriaca, A. m. cypria) African (A. m. iberiensis, A. m. intermissa , A. m. scutellata) -- Peter -- Visit www.honeybeeworld.com/bee-l for rules, FAQ and other info ---