Adding to your input, Bob: I read (but can't honestly say in which article and what it's date was) that resistance has been found to Fumidil. Neither can I say which Nosema or bee species it involved. If I find the article or source I'll post the details here. Fumidil is not allowed as treatment in Sweden either. Ron van Mierlo -- Visit www.honeybeeworld.com/bee-l for rules, FAQ and other info ---