>>>I have heard it said more than once, by a prominent, now retired bee scientist, that chalk brook and AFB will not be present in the same hive at the same time; that chalkbrood suppresses AFB Generally true, it is interesting that this comes up a couple of weeks after I saw my first exception to the rule since Shim and Dave first brought this factiod to the beekeeping public's attention. (Albany County area, New York State, USofA) After this experience I think "Uncle Shim-sama" would have expressed it with greater accuracy if he had said same frame. In fact, "same frame" might be the actual published statement used, anyone with access to the paper?) That was the case here, it was either or, and apparently was the result of an AFB infected Nuc frames being put into a super with active Chalkbrood infected drawn combs last spring. Who would have won out? My "partner, the law," and I didn't wait to see, I'm sure Shim would have probably been right in the long haul. >>>they have been (sic) told me that they have seen both AFB and CB in the same hive IMHO, You might want to re ask the question and this time ask how many they have seen where both problems were active simultaneously? I think you will get a very different answer. Old un removed Chalkbrood mummies are "past the therapeutic stage" and AFB scale alone is not an active infection. >>>The agent found in chalkbrood that suppresses AFB was found to be the fatty acid, linoleic acid. H. Shimanuki and D. Knox worked on this for some time, as an AFB control, but were unable to come up with a consistently reliable field delivery system as I recall, on the lab bench it works great like so many other things. Just another "silver bullet" that turned out to be only "silver plated" instead. -- Visit www.honeybeeworld.com/bee-l for rules, FAQ and other info ---