Adrian said: > One cannot conduct an experiment to support the dance language > hypothesis without using an odor cue... I can think of a test that might help. Maybe someone has tried this, but I've yet to read about it. The basis for this possibly unprecedented breakthrough in experimental entomology is (like most of my ideas) based upon a very bad and very old joke: "My dog has no nose." "Poor dog. How does he smell?" "Awful!" 1) Take a small observation hive of bees, catch all the adult bees, and remove their antennae, while taking care not to damage their Johnston's Organs. (This technique has been used in studies of bee responsiveness to airborne sound, so the actual surgery, while tedious, is possible, and does not appear to harm navigational or flying abilities.) 2) If they can still forage and bring back the groceries without their odor-detecting hardware, then odor can thereby be demonstrated to play only a minor role, or, at best, is only one of multiple possible independent approaches to foraging. 3) If they can't bring back any groceries, then odor is CRUCIAL to successful foraging, and only the question is "do they still travel to vectors indicated by 'dances'?" remains to narrow down if odor is merely a "final approach" tool or a complete "foraging system" in its own right. Of course, I'm assuming here that: a) The bees will even attempt to forage after such surgery. b) That "antenna touches" are not mission critical to communication, even though such touches are observed in many (most? all?) dance sessions. c) That the taste receptors on the proboscis are alone enough for a bee to be able to judge sugar content of nectar, and thus make a valid "recruitment" decision. d) I'm likely forgetting lots of other things. (I'm not going to maim a bunch of bees in cold blood anyway. I have neither the stomach for it, nor steady enough hands.) > Hence, one can never conclude from results obtained that the > searching bees had not found the source by using odor Down here in the salt mines of experimental hard science (where men are men, and women are women, but particles are not always particles), we are big fans of Karl Popper, who offered: Evidence in support of any theory should be presented as a serious but unsuccessful attempt to falsify the theory. Any theory that appears to avoid "falsifiability" is either not yet well thought out, or was mishandled by the mail room, and should be forwarded to the cosmology department. (OK, I'm paraphrasing here, but that's what we do with them.) jim :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -- Visit www.honeybeeworld.com/BEE-L for rules, FAQ and other info --- ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::