There are THREE ways bugs can be become resistant: 1). less penetration, letting less to reach the inside, 2). degradation (P450, esterases etc), destroying the chemical before it reaches the target, and 3). target -site alternation (my old post). My post last time was only toward Lloyds original post. If a bug uses 1 or 2, they can be "cross-resistant" to two or more chemicals. However some people consider them to be "tolerant" only unless the bug has #3 as a mechanism. There is no scientific evidence (yet) that the fluvalinate-resistant mites are also coumaphos resistant, aside from anecdotal evidence. Zach On Sun, 1 Jun 2003 21:55:24 -0400, James Fischer <[log in to unmask]> wrote: > But how does this finding correlate with the "dual-resistance" > to BOTH fluvalinate and coumaphos experienced by beekeepers who > used coumaphos, and only coumaphos for a few seasons? > > From what you say, it follows that fluvalinate resistance cannot be > "the same as" coumaphos resistance, and neither can be the same as > "dual resistance". This seems to imply that there is more than one > way to be "fluvalinate resistant". > > Or am I confused? > > > jim > >:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: >-- Visit www.honeybeeworld.com/BEE-L for rules, FAQ and other info --- >:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -- Visit www.honeybeeworld.com/BEE-L for rules, FAQ and other info --- ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::