>Furthermore, they mention that AHB populations in Brazil had higher levels of infestation in cooler regions. To add just a bit more to the post made by Peter Borst–here is a quote from the Morse/Flottum book: Honey Bee Pests Predators & Diseases (p. 298): “...the infestation level of bee colonies in a cool climate at an altitude of 1,400 meters was as much as 10 times as high as that of colonies kept in a warmer region at 300 meters above sea level, even though the two locations were within 150 km of each other and the colonies were headed by sister queens.” I can say also that varroa is unfortunately alive and well in Alaska. The only AHB in Alaska is the Alaskanized Honey Bee that some of us are hoping will develop. So far, it hasn’t been a stellar success. Regards, Dick