Lloyd, thank you for your thoughtful insight on the various type of feeders. I concur with your assessment that the Miller-type is the most efficient and effective. However I have found with my limited operation of 15 hives that it does not seem to work well in cold spring weather when bees seem to lack the vigour to make the trip up through the slot; perhaps due to low population and subsequent lack of warmth. My observations are that the Miller is unbeatable for fall feeding when the hive is strong whereas the inverted container combined with the protective shelter of an extra super seems to be best in the spring. Regards Doug Henry Lockport Manitoba --- Outgoing mail is certified Virus Free. Checked by AVG anti-virus system (http://www.grisoft.com). Version: 6.0.310 / Virus Database: 171 - Release Date: 12/19/01