question: Can you please give me the reference of the paper of Bounias (the one about efficacy of copper salt treatments) ? It may have been given before but I have overlooked it. The paper on copper salts may be found at: http://www.imkerei.com/_menus_us/articles.htm Varroa jacobsoni control by feeding honey bees with organic cupric salts M. Bounias, J.F. André & M. Nectoux (PDF file 249 Kb) It is a poorly made pdf file, full of numerous typographic errors. Peter Ithaca