Sorry if this is slightly OT...

Study shows risk goes up with number of prescriptions By Rob Stein

Updated: 4:40 a.m. ET Feb. 17, 2004 Antibiotic use is associated with an
increased risk for breast cancer, a new study has found, raising the
possibility that women who take the widely used medicines are prone to one
of the most feared malignancies.

The first-of-its-kind study of more than 10,000 women in Washington state
concluded that those who used the most antibiotics had double the chances
of developing breast cancer, that the association was consistent for all
forms of antibiotics and that the risk went up with the number of
prescriptions, a powerful indication that the link was real.

A variety of experts quickly cautioned, however, that the findings should
not stop women from taking the often lifesaving drugs when needed to treat
infections. There could be other explanations for the association, and much
more research is needed before scientists understand what the surprising
results mean, they said.

"This is not saying that women should stop taking antibiotics. Women should
take antibiotics for infections," said Stephen H. Taplin, a senior
scientist at the National Cancer Institute who helped conduct the
study. "We need to follow up and find out if this is a real association."

Nevertheless, the consistency of the findings in a study with such careful
methodology could indicate that antibiotic use is an important, previously
unrecognized risk factor for breast cancer, experts said.


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Antibiotics could increase the risk for breast cancer by, for example,
affecting bacteria in the digestive system in ways that interfere with the
way the body uses foods that protect against cancer, experts said. Another
possibility is that antibiotics increase the risk by affecting the immune
system.

Even if it turns out that antibiotics do not increase the risk for breast
cancer, the finding is likely to be important because it could lead to the
discovery of whatever it is about women who use the drugs that appears to
make them prone to the disease, researchers said. "This has opened up a
picture that people had not been thinking about," Taplin said. "The
important thing is more research and asking more questions about what it
could be."

Until the results are sorted out, experts said, the findings provide yet
another reason for doctors to more judiciously prescribe antibiotics, which
are often used unnecessarily.

"It's a very provocative finding, but it's not entirely clear what it
means," said Roberta B. Ness, an epidemiologist at the University of
Pittsburgh who co-authored an editorial accompanying the study in this
week's Journal of the American Medical Association. "The first thing you
have to ask is if it's real. I think a cautious interpretation is very
reasonable."

Link first proposed in 1981
The researchers tried to find other explanations for the association, such
as the possibility that breast cancer is more likely to be diagnosed in
women who take antibiotics because they see doctors more often. But the
association remained even after they excluded that and the other most
likely possibilities.

The study's design, however, made it impossible to rule out the chance that
women who tend to use the medicines are biologically predisposed to breast
cancer for other reasons, such as by having weak immune systems or a
hormonal imbalance that could be the cause of both their increased risk for
breast cancer and for infections that prompted antibiotic use.

Scientists first proposed that antibiotics may increase the risk for breast
cancer in 1981, but the only other study to examine the question was in
Finland in 2000. That study also found an association, but it was not as
well designed, prompting the new research.

"Antibiotics are used extensively in this country and in many parts of the
world. The possible association between breast cancer and antibiotic use
was important to examine," said Christine M. Velicer, an epidemiologist
with Group Health Cooperative's Center for Health Studies who was the lead
author of the study.

Breast cancer strikes more than 211,000 women each year in the United
States and kills more than 40,000, making it the leading cause of cancer
and the second leading cancer killer among women.

Velicer, Taplin and their colleagues examined computerized pharmacy and
cancer screening records of 2,266 women in the Group Health Cooperative, a
Seattle area health plan, who developed breast cancer, and 7,953 similar
women who did not.

Women who had more than 25 individual prescriptions for antibiotics over an
average period of 17 years had twice the risk of breast cancer as those who
had taken no antibiotics. The risk was lower for women who took fewer
antibiotics, but even those who had between one and 25 prescriptions were
about 50 percent more likely to develop breast cancer, the researchers
found.

"It was surprising for me that there was an association," Velicer
said. "The overall robustness and the consistency across a number of common
antibiotics was really notable."

The researchers tried to explain the results by looking at other known risk
factors, such as a family history of breast cancer and hormone use. But
none could. They also did an analysis comparing women who were taking large
amounts of antibiotics because of a skin condition associated with a
hormonal imbalance with those taking antibiotics because of respiratory
infections to see if the real cause might be the hormonal imbalance. That,
too, failed to explain the findings, though it could not completely rule it
out.

One finding that cast doubt on the possibility that antibiotics increase
the risk for breast cancer was that the study found the risk for all types
of antibiotics, said Debbie Saslow, director of breast and gynecologic
cancer for the American Cancer Society. That makes it unlikely it is the
antibiotics because different types work in very different ways, she said.

"There are a lot of things associated with cancer risk that have absolutely
nothing to do with causing cancer," she said.

Jeanne Calle, the society's director of analytical epidemiology, called the
study important because "it appears to be the first major work to describe
a possible association between antibiotic use and the increased risk of
cancer."

But "it is critical to realize we cannot say with any certainty how valid
these results are until and unless they are replicated in additional
studies," she said. "There is no question other researchers will now begin
to investigate this potential association."

 © 2004 The Washington Post Company

Roxanne Gollata RN, LC Intern

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