Hi everyone
I developed an appendix for a tertiary maternity facility breastfeeding policy on neonatal pain management a few years ago. It's not too long (I hope) so have pasted it into this message FYI. I can also send the PDF if anyone would like it.
Best Wishes
Carol Bartle in New Zealand
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Breastfeeding, maternal holding, skin-to-skin contact and pain management in the neonate
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience for an infant. Breastfeeding, maternal holding and skin to skin contact are natural, usually available, easy to use interventions [6] which may reduce pain experiences for infants.
* Non-pharmacologic interventions to alleviate and/or ameliorate discomfort or pain in the neonate are recognised as being supportive of optimal neurobehavioural development [ý]
* Skin to skin contact between a mother and infant has been found to reduce crying in response to heel prick tests in medically stable preterm infants [2][3][4][5]
* Breastfeeding, maternal holding and skin-to skin contact significantly reduce crying in infants receiving immunization injections [6]
* Breastfeeding or breastmilk may be used to alleviate procedural pain in neonates undergoing a single painful procedure [7]
* Breastfeeding provides analgesia for term infants undergoing heel lance [8]
[1] Franck, L. S., & Lawhon, G. (1998). Environmental and behavioral strategies to prevent and manage pain. Seminars in Perinatology, 22, [5], 434-443.
[2] Kostandy, R. R., Ludington-Hoe, S. M., Cong, X., Abouelfettoh, A., Bronson, C., Stankus, A., & Jarrell. J. R. (2008). Kangaroo care (Skin contact) reduces crying response to pain in preterm infants: Pilot results. Pain Management Nursing, 9, [2] 55-65.
[3] Castral, T. C., Warnock, F., Leite, A. M., Haas, V. J., & Scochi, C. G. S. (2007). The effects of skin-to-skin contact during acute pain in preterm newborns. European Journal of Pain, 12, 464-471.
[4] Sousa Freire, N. B., Santos Garcia, J. B., & Lamy, Z. C. (2008). Evaluation of analgesic effect of skin-to-skin contact compared to oral glucose in preterm neonates. Pain, doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.02.031
[5] Johnston, C. C., Filion, F., Campbell-Yeo, M., Goulet, C., Bell, L., McNaughton, K., & Byron, J. (2008). Enhanced kangaroo mother care for heel lance in preterm neonates: a crossover trial. Journal of Perinatology, do1:10.1038/jp.2008.113
[6] Efe, E., & Ozer, Z. C. (2007). The use of breastfeeding for pain relief during neonatal immunization injections. Applied Nursing Research, 20, 10-16.
[7] Shah, P. S., Aliwalas, L. L., & Shah, V. (2006).Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates [Review]. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, Issue 3 Art No CD004950.
[8] Codipietro, L., Ceccarelli, M., & Ponzone, A. (2008). Breastfeeding or oral sucrose solution in term neonates receiving heel lance: a randomised, controlled trial. Pediatrics, 122, [3], e716-721.
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