> In 1996, researchers performed the first field test of a transgenic predatory mite in the U.S. (Hoy 2000). Since then, genetically modified pink cotton bollworms (PBW) have been released in confined field cage trials (USDA APHIS 2001a).

> Early efforts to develop transgenic bees (Omholt et al. 1995; Ronglin et al. 1997; K. Robinson et al. 2000) suggest that there are no barriers to harnessing this technology. The work described here provides additional resources that should contribute to molecular analyses of honey bee behavior, using candidate gene studies, positional cloning, and functional genomic approaches.

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> With the sequencing of the honey bee genome, identifying genes of resistance is a possibility. We may also learn how to turn genes on and off at critical stages as a means to maintain healthy colonies. The development of transgenic bees that express resistance may be a possibility. Known genes of resistance from Apis cerana could be transferred to Apis mellifera to express resistance.  -- Susan Cobey

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