Apropos:

We showed that spore production by Nosema ceranae, an emerging microsporidian pathogen in honey bees, increased in response to declining fumagillin concentrations, up to 100% higher than that of infected bees that have not been exposed to fumagillin. 

Nosema ceranae Escapes Fumagillin Control in Honey Bees
Wei-Fone Huang , Leellen F. Solter, Peter M. Yau, Brian S. Imai
Published: March 7, 2013

Our study showed that Nosema infection did not cause obvious disruption of the gut bacterial community as there was no significant difference in the density and composition of gut bacteria between Group I and Group II. However, the elimination of gut bacteria by antibiotic (Groups III and IV) negatively impacted the functioning of the honey bees’ immune system.

New evidence showing that the destruction of gut bacteria by antibiotic treatment could increase the honey bee’s vulnerability to Nosema infection. 
Jiang Hong Li, Jay D. Evans, et al
Published: November 10, 2017. 

PLB

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