The mistaken notion that nosema *causes* dysentery is a hard bug to kill, despite being nailed a hundred years ago.

* * *

Care should be observed that Nosema-disease is not confused with
dysentery. Leuckart (1857, March) early raised the question regarding
its relation to dysentery. The question was soon afterwards
taken up by Brotbeck (1857). Zander (1909) in his first paper referred
to Nosema infection as a (malignant) dysentery. Other discussions
have appeared from time to time in regard to such relationship
(Maassen and Nithack, 1910; Beuhne, 1911; Maassen, 1911).

In fact the two disorders are very different and should be considered,
for the present at least, as having no direct relation to each
other. As both conditions are widely distributed and occur most
frequently in the spring of the year, it is to be expected that not
infrequently both of them may be encountered together in the same
colony.

NOSEMA-DISEASE.
By G. F. WHITE, Specialist in Insect Diseases
Washington. D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER June 12, 1919

also see

Maasen, A. 1911. Zur Aetiologie und Epidemiologie der Ruhr bei den Bienenvolkern.

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