Randy writes:
> actual data, not mere conjecture.

I certainly wouldn't post a paper that relied on conjecture. They write

Sample from all five apiaries selected for Nosema speciation 241
tested positive only for N. ceranae using RFLP-PCR protocols. Inter- 242
rogation of a 252 bp PCR product using the blastn search algorithm 243
suggested highest nucleotide sequence homology with nucleotide 244
sequence from N. ceranae. Neither N. apis alone nor N. apis/N. cer- 245
anae co-infection were detected in any of the five apiaries tested 246
and no PCR products were obtained using specific primers for N. 247
apis. 248

All fifteen bee samples tested positive for multiple viruses using 249
one-step real-time RT-PCR. BQCV was found to be the most preva- 250
lent, present in all 15 samples of bees. SBV and DWV exhibited the 251
same prevalence of 87%. CBPV was detected in 73% of samples 252
while ABPV in 67%. All the samples collected from outside the hive 253
tested positive for CBPV and DWV and most tested positive for 254
ABPV and SBV. In samples collected from the inside of the hive, 255
SBV was detected in 90%, while DWV, CBPV and ABPV exhibited 256
a prevalence of 80%, 60% and 60% respectively

All 27 adult bee samples collected from outside of the hives
contained Nosema spp. spores, whereas no samples from within
hives were Nosema positive by microscopy.

Chemical analysis of bee tissues revealed the presence of imida-
cloprid (neonicotinoid) in 60% of the samples analysed and in an
average concentration of 27 ng/g tissue.

Migration often 354
serves to pollinate or derive a particular honey crop at a particular 355
time of year, and so can result in a sudden increase in local colony 356
density. This increases the risk of disease spread between colonies, 357
and is typical of the fir honeydew foraging period in Greece

(sorry about the line numbers, it's a draft paper)

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