> 4. The conditions that cause dysentary can also spread Nosema, i.e.
> deficating in the hive can allow Nosema, if present, to be spread to nurse
> bees and young bees by cleaning up etc.  Though dysentary does not cause
> nosema.

I'm at conference, just read the thread.  Jeremy has it right.
However, I have Eric Mussen standing next to me at the airport.  He
says that with N apis, in cage trials, N apis infection would induce
dysentery in about 9 days.

I do not observe the above with N ceranae.  Nor do I necessarily find
nosema spores in samples of dysentery.

Randy Oliver

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