>
> >The above is why I answered the post. As far as I know there are nosema
> apis
> and nosema ceranae in honeybees. I have never heard of local variations.
> Yes, will always be local variations.  The practical application is that
> local strains of bees will adapt to local pathogens.  However, if one
> brings in non local queen stock, then no local adaptation.  A recent paper
> on chalkbrood variations made this clear, and I've observed the differences
> in chalkbrood between Australia, Hawaii, the East Coast, and California.
>  >My advice is to keep an eye on nosema levels and not wait till hives are
> crashing to start control.
>
Good advice!

> New published or soon-to-be published research is conflicting.  N ceranae
> at even low levels appears to reduce colony growth (my own data support),
> does not appear to be strongly related to colony mortality (my own data
> kinda support),  and fumagillin has problems, some delayed, and may not
> always suppress N ceranae buildup (my own data support).  My own data also
> find dinks and deadouts from fall through spring to have N ceranae more
> prevalent than in strong colonies.
>

-- 
Randy Oliver
Grass Valley, CA
www.ScientificBeekeeping.com

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