Has anyone examined what role if any the frequency of opportunity for
cleansing flights may have on this?

Interesting question.

If I understood so far,  we have a OH researcher who says Nosema is present
in spring/summer and non existent in fall, and not an issue,  and we have
Randys work that shows it to be problem in winter spring and present in weak
colonies.

It seems to me that the cleansing would show us opposite results.   Randys
bees get many more chances for cleansing flights than OH bees.  The one
though I had is that winter in north stops drifting and spreading wheras
southern winters normally have many flight days followed by a bit of cold.
Maybe infected bees drift after a cleansing flight, spreading it around??

Just thinking out loud.  Just learning to monitor for Nosema myself, so not
sure of anything yet.  But very curious

Charles

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