"a e" quoted from the 1946 edition of the
“The Hiveand the Honey Bee.”

"Philipp (see p. 144 for citation) and other European apiculturists consider 
that there are
two kinds of propolis: One being the resinous material gathered from plants,
principally trees; the other being produced within the body of the 
bee—probably
in the honey sac—as the result of consumption of pollen. In the process of
digestion, the indigestible gum of the pollen shells becomes free and, after
being pressed across the hairs on the lips of the “stomach mouth,” 
proventriculus,
it comes into the oesophagus and is regurgitated. "

Fascinating Stuff....so now when we add gut microbiota to the mix.....so 
many combinations become possible!

PeterD
in Western Australia where despite low rainfall an extraordinarily bountiful 
spring has exploded for the bees.

             ***********************************************
The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned
LISTSERV(R) list management software.  For more information, go to:
http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html

Guidelines for posting to BEE-L can be found at:
http://honeybeeworld.com/bee-l/guidelines.htm