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Subject:
From:
Blair Christian <[log in to unmask]>
Reply To:
Informed Discussion of Beekeeping Issues and Bee Biology <[log in to unmask]>
Date:
Fri, 31 Jan 2014 07:56:56 -0500
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Does anybody know if those regions (The most severely affected area
was in the Manteca/Ripon/Escalon area, the 2nd was in the
Delhi/Ballico area.) are in close proximity to the main almond area?
(I don't know anything useful about almonds):

(From ProMED)

New almond disease can be devastating
--------------------------------------
Almond growers, particularly those who farm the Fritz variety, should
be on the lookout for a new disease found in California [see comment
below].

Roger Duncan, University of California [UC], reports that bacterial
spot can be devastating, but there is a lot that is yet to be learned.
"Although we will be implementing some field trials this year [2014],
all of the information we currently have on control is from Australia
where this disease has eliminated the Fritz variety in that country."

So far the disease has only been found in 2 "hot spots," said Duncan.
The most severely affected area was in the Manteca/Ripon/Escalon area,
the 2nd was in the Delhi/Ballico area.

--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<[log in to unmask]>

[Bacterial spot caused by _Xanthomonas arboricola_ pv. _pruni_ is a
serious disease of peach, nectarine, apricot, almond and plum. The
pathogen was described for the first time on plum in the US in 1903.
It was subsequently introduced into Europe where it has been included
in the quarantine lists of the European Plant Protection Organisation
(EPPO).

Symptoms may include dark spots or watery lesions on fruits and
leaves, premature leaf drop, cankers, and tip necrosis on young twigs.
The disease can severely reduce tree vigour by defoliation, and it
reduces yield and quality of harvested fruit. Infection occurs via
leaf scars in autumn, and bacteria start to multiply when conditions
become favourable.

Bacterial exudate from cankers and lesions is spread by mechanical
means (including insect activity) and water. Disease management may
include agrochemicals (for example, copper or antibiotic sprays),
reduction of available inoculum by orchard sanitation, and use of crop
cultivars with resistance, or at least reduced susceptibility, to the
disease.

In California, bacterial spot is also found on other stone fruit and
was apparently first identified on almond in 2006 (see link below).

Maps
USA:
<http://www.mapsofworld.com/usa/usa-state-and-capital-map.html>
California:
<http://geology.com/county-map/california.shtml>

Pictures
_X. a._ pv. _pruni_ symptoms on almond:
<http://www.knowmoregrowmore.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/leaf-footed-plant-bug_blog_Coastal-730x365.jpg>,
<http://thealmonddoctor.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/BS-Leaf-Sample-3.jpg>
(leaf) and
<http://www.sjbagnutri.com.au/images/almond_bacterial_spot_crop_sml.jpg>
(fruit)
_X. a._ pv. _pruni_ symptoms on stone fruit (photo gallery):
<http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/bacteria/Xanthomonas_pruni/XANTPR_images.htm>

Links
Information on _X. a._ pv. _pruni_ diseases:
<http://www.caf.wvu.edu/kearneysville/disease_descriptions/ombactsp.html>,
<http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/bacteria/Xanthomonas_pruni/XANTPR_ds.pdf>
and
<http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118562436/HTMLSTART>
Almond bacterial spot fact sheet:
<http://www.srhs.com.au/uploads/Factsheets/Bacterial%20Spot%20Factsheet%200504.pdf>
First identification of bacterial spot on almond in California:
<http://westernfarmpress.com/bacterial-spot-identified-almonds>
Additional information from UC:
<http://thealmonddoctor.com/2014/01/21/bacterial-spot-management/>
and
<http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/EXOTIC/bacterialspot.html>
_X. a._ pv. _pruni_ taxonomy:
<http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/69929>
Genus _Xanthomonas_ taxonomy and species list:
<http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/xz/xanthomonas.html>
EPPO A2 quarantine list:
<http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/listA2.htm>
- Mod.DHA]

[See Also:
2009
----
Bacterial diseases, stone fruit - Switzerland, China: 1st reps
20091211.4212
2001
----
Xanthomonas spp., plum, tomato, pepper - Slovenia 20010914.2220]
.................................................dha/je/dk

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