One of the problems with nosema research is that the results seem highly variable, so that it is difficult to conclude. 

> The aims of this study were to determine how N. ceranae affects wintering of colonies that are removed from E. grandis plantations at the end of the fall, and if proteic supplementation affects levels of infection. Two apiaries were installed in May in Salto and San José using colonies removed from an E. grandis plantation. Colonies received one of the following treatments: 1) nosemosis controlling, 2) proteic supplementation, 3) nosemosis controlling and proteic supplementation, and 4) without nosemosis controlling and without proteic supplementation (control). In the spring, colonies of the four groups in both apiaries presented no differentiation in their population and brood area. In San José apiary there were not differences in the nosemosis level between colonies with different treatments, while in Salto, colonies that have not received fumagilin and with proteic supplementation were more infected than the ones treated with antibiotic and without proteic supplementation. The present study shows that N. ceranae does not affect colonies during wintering and that proteic supplementation can increase infectation.

Mendoza, Y. E., Díaz, J., Ramallo, G., & Invernizzi, C. (2012). Incidencia de Nosema ceranae durante el invierno en colonias de abejas melíferas retiradas de una forestación de Eucalyptus grandis (Incidence of Nosema ceranae During Winter in Honey Bees Colonies Removed from Eucaliptus grandis Plantations). Veterinaria, (185), 13-19. 
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