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From:
Peter Loring Borst <[log in to unmask]>
Reply To:
Informed Discussion of Beekeeping Issues and Bee Biology <[log in to unmask]>
Date:
Mon, 27 Sep 2010 17:50:01 -0400
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Interactions between A. m. and A. c. have been going on for a very long time

1975
The bee mites Varroa jacobsoni Oudemaris and Euvarroa sinhai Delfinado and Baker (Family Varroidae) are reported for the first time from Thailand.  Despite the fact that V. jacobsoni has been known since 1904, the economic importance of honey bee brood mites has only recently been recognized. Another mite, Tropilaelaps ciareae Delfinado and Baker, was recorded parasitizing Apis broods in the Philippines (Delfinado and Baker, 1961). Both V. jacobsoni and T. clareae cause problems in colonies of both the commercial Indian honey bee and the common honey bee in many Asian countries. Morse (1966), suggested that these parasitic mites may have had an adverse effect on the development of the beekeeping industry in Asia.

1979
Kashmir bee virus (KBV) was first isolated from a diseased adult bee of Apis cerana. Strains of KBV have been found in adult bees of Apis mellifera in Canada, Spain, India, Australia and New Zealand, Fiji and the US.  

2001
We have shown that there are potentially three distinct groupings of Sacbrood Virus around the world. However, this may not simply reflect geographic isolation: the Far Eastern type includes strains from India and Nepal, and in this location sacbrood is an important disease of the eastern honeybee, Apis cerana, causing severe clinical symptoms in this host. The European honeybee, Apis mellifera, seems to be rather resistant to this SBV type. This suggests that some of the differences detected here may result from adaptation to a different host rather than from simple geographic clustering. In this regard we note that one of the Nepalese samples (Nepal 3) grouped closely with the European genotype (Fig. 11). Indeed, this virus originated from a Nepalese SBV-infected A. mellifera and not from A. cerana.

2007
Nosema ceranae, a microsporidian formerly regarded as confined to its Asiatic host Apis cerana, has recently been shown to parasitise Apis mellifera and to have spread throughout most of the world in the past few years. Using a temporal sequence of N = 28 Nosema isolates from Finland from 1986-2006, we now find (i) that N. ceranae has been present in Europe since at least 1998.

Peter Loring Borst
Ithaca NY USA
peterloringborst.com

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