?> > Anyhow, with trucking, boxing, etc., it comes to more, but beekeepers 
find it very worthwhile, especially when combined
with some minimal drug treatment.

> Chalk brood, nosema, etc. however appear to be so omnipresent that the 
> mere sterilization of the equipment is not going to help much, IMHO.

Experience seems to indicate that chalkbrood is almost eliminated in the 
short term.  As for nosema, that is another question and one which is very 
poorly understood.  A researcher yesterday told me that he maintains "nosema 
colonies" so that he has a source when spores are needed.  He says that 
occasionally a colony which was a good source one week can have almost 
nothing in the way of infection the next.

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