The late Dr. Ingemar Fries  once explained to me that in his opinion,
nosema is more of a problem for bees at the cold edge of the range--the
longer the winter, the greater the problem.  Thus, I see little benefit
from attempting to manage nosema in California, but Canadians see greater
benefit.  Still, even for them, monitoring for nosema levels in fall
certainly gives one a better window on whether treatment will be of benefit.
-- 
Randy Oliver
Grass Valley, CA
www.ScientificBeekeeping.com

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