> I am particularly interested in nosema.  It seems that the new nosema c.
is a potential danger that should be dealt with more directly than the old
fashioned nosema.


Not sure at all! Look at this:

Extract

Presence of Nosema ceranae in honeybees (Apis mellifera) in Uruguay
Ciro Invernizzi, Carolina Abud, Ivanna H. Tomasco, Jorge Harriet, Gustavo
Ramallo, Juan Campá,
Helena Katz, Gabriela Gardiol, Yamandú Mendoza

The microsporidium Nosema ceranae is an emergent pathogen of European
honeybees Apis mellifera. Using a PCR–RFLP diagnosis, 29 samples of infected
honeybees obtained in 2007–2008 (N = 26), 2004
(N = 2) and before 1990 (N = 1) were analyzed for the presence of Nosema
apis and N. ceranae. Only N. ceranae was found in all samples, indicating
that this species dispersed to Uruguay (and likely the region) at some time
before 1990. The presence of N. ceranae in Uruguay is not associated with an
increase of Nosemosis, and its role in colony loss seems to be irrelevant.
_ 2009 Published by Elsevier Inc.

See also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19358851?dopt=Abstract

Kind regards,

G. De Roeck, Belgium.

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