Roger White wrote:"... possible causes could include exposure to chemicals or radiation or just simply =
the effects of old age" referring to changes in genetic material in old queens.  From my classes in genetics I was taught that the only way genetic material is changed is through exposure to hard radiation and/or direction action of chemicals that are capable of changing genetic material.  The haphazard change of genetic material through the haphazard effects of natural radiation are about as possible as one of us winning the $20 million lottery in Texas.  It does happen, but the effects are normally not noticable nor are they ususally transmitted to progeny.  Mike

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