Honey was found as a suitable indicator of N. ceranae prevalence
in bee colonies under field conditions as suggested by the
correlation found between the increased presence of this microsporidium
in honey samples from the year 2005 onward and in randomly
collected honey

Classical symptoms of N apis infection (nosemosis type A), such as crawling
bees or the presence of feces in the frames and the interior of the
hive, were not reported by beekeepers or observed in dead colonies
for several months after Nosema detection

The absence of N. apis in honey after 1997
cannot be explained solely by its substitution with N. ceranae in infected colonies.

article in press: Botías, C., et al. The growing prevalence of Nosema ceranae in honey bees in Spain, an emerging problem for the last decade. Res. Vet. Sci. (2011), doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.08.002
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