Overall, these studies suggest that plant – pollinator interaction
networks are quite plastic and permeable to invasion by
alien species, but the structure of networks is relatively robust
to invasion. However, there is some evidence to suggest the
function of invaded networks in terms of pollination services
may be compromised. Even less is known about the effects of
alien pollinators on network structure and function or of alien
species on plant and pollinator reproduction. Additional empirical
work, ideally with interaction data pre-invasion, during invasion,
and post-removal, is sorely needed. In particular, we
may be facing unexpected consequences for plant – pollinator
networks from management and removal of invaders. The magnitude
and direction of the effects of invader removal may depend
on the density and spatiotemporal extent of invasion and
removal, the degree of invader integration into community interactions,
and effects on native plant and pollinator population
dynamics since invasion.

THE FUTURE OF PLANT – POLLINATOR DIVERSITY:
UNDERSTANDING INTERACTION NETWORKS ACROSS
TIME, SPACE, AND GLOBAL CHANGE
Laura A. Burkle and Ruben Alarcon
American Journal of Botany 98(3): 528–538. 2011.

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