>>Nosema shows up as a serious threat mostly when other things 
set the stage for it.  Nosema IMO is mostly a stress disease, and as 
such can be a handy indicator of flaws in management.

The above opinion is shared by my 78-year old beekeeping uncle in Poland who says that proper management and care of the bees make nosema a non-problem.  Fumagilin is illegal to purchase [and use] in Poland.  Some Polish beeks do try to get it from other countries.  Not sure what the situation is in the rest of Europe.

Waldemar

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