>
> >A small opening at the top, in my case a 1/4" shim under the rear of the
> telescoping lid, and a reduced entrance at the bottom achieve this simply
> and effectively. In my experience, in a severe winter climate, no other
> insulation is needed.


I've long tried to make sense of the tradeoffs involved in top ventilation
(greater chilling, less heat recovery from the honey).  Paul, have you run
a *controlled* trial, comparing colonies with top insulation and no
ventilation, to colonies with top insulation but no ventilation, or do you
know of any other such controlled trials?

-- 
Randy Oliver
Grass Valley, CA
www.ScientificBeekeeping.com

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