> I think there is ample work to support 
> the contention that N. ceranae is not 
> a serious pest of bees in the summer 
> in temperate zones such as Northeast 
> USA and Northwestern Europe.

While multiple studies have shown that Nosema Ceranae is persistent
throughout summer, the negative impact of Nosema extends at least into the
next brood cycle - larvae infected "sufficiently" will have shorter
lifespans, so controlling Nosema year-round seems more important than might
have been thought:

"Nosema ceranae Can Infect Honey Bee Larvae and Reduces Subsequent Adult
Longevity"
Eiri,  et al
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126330

http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0126330
http://tinyurl.com/o5vrpd4

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